‘Support Somali state or risk takeover’

Jens Mjaugedal, Special Envoy of Norway to Somalia, is frustrated… which is hardly surprising given his mission to try to turn Somalia, the world’s most failed state for many years, into a success. The biggest problem in Somalia is how to keep the deadly al-Qaeda-affiliated Islamist militant group al-Shabaab at bay.

The AU’s robust peacekeeping mission in Somalia expelled al-Shabaab from Mogadishu two years ago, and is now engaged in a major offensive to try to rid the country of the scourge altogether.

Norway has had a long engagement in the country, and Mjaugedal warns war alone cannot save Somalia. It will not be helpful to clear al-Shabaab from the territories it holds, unless the Somali government replaces al-Shabaab’s administration in those areas with its own administration – rather than just military barracks.

And that raises Somalia’s second-biggest problem. The state has virtually no capacity, nor money, to run anything.

It cannot even issue birth and death certificates because all records have been destroyed by over two decades of war. There are five public schools and virtually no other services. And the skill levels of the public service are pathetically low.

“The biggest problem in Somalia is keeping al-Shabaab at bay,” Mjaugedal says. He was visiting South Africa this week to discuss co-operation with the government in tackling the Somali crisis.

Last October, the international community pledged $2.3 billion (R24.2bn) to help Somalia. “This was fantastic,” says Mjaugedal, “but until today, not a single dollar has come in.”

This is partly because the Somali government lacks the capacity to receive and to properly spend the money. So, Norway created a financial pipeline into the government last year and has pumped $30 million of its own money through to the government in Mogadishu.

“When the World Bank does something like that, it takes years. We did it in six months,” he says. Oslo’s $30m was supposed to prime the pump, but still the aid did not flow in. Evidently, other countries are still too concerned that corruption in President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud’s government would siphon off their aid.

Some money is still coming in – to fund the work of agencies like the UN Development Programme. But Mjaugedal says this is doing nothing to help perform the vital function of establishing the capacity and credibility of the government.

For that to happen, the government, not the UN, must be seen by Somalis to be governing; to be delivering services. And so even if some aid is lost to corruption, it is still worth paying it to the government, he says, as the price of getting it up and running. “Even if people then complain to the government about poor service, it is better than them saying nothing because now there are no government services at all, even to complain about. Is the international community simply not grasping the reality of Somalia?”

If the government does not attain some credibility, it will be thrown out in the next elections in 2016 – if it is not thrown out by al-Shabaab before then. Mjaugedal complains that by refusing to channel money to the government through Norway, the global community is reneging on the 2011 New Deal for Engagement in Fragile States, to which it re-committed last year.

The deal acknowledged “current ways of working in fragile states need serious improvement… Transitioning out of frag-ility is long, political work that requires country leadership and ownership”.

Mjaugedal fears the international community is not grasping the reality of Somalia. Because Hassan Sheikh was credibly elected and is not a clan leader like his predecessor, Somalia is now being portrayed in the international community as a different country. Yet, little has changed on the ground for ordinary Somalis.

Mjaugedal, who sees things pretty much as they are, is bemused to observe how many others see the world through the prism of the orthodox view instead. Three days after senior government officials were killed in an al-Shabaab suicide bomb and guerrilla attack on the presidential villa, he participated in a conference on how to address the country’s problems.

“Everyone was talking as if nothing had happened. They were discussing the importance of the role of women and of civil society,” this while sitting in the middle of a warzone, he marvels.

 

From mid-year, the World Bank is going to take over Norway’s financial pipeline and perhaps then some of the $2.3bn pledged will start to flow in. “But we have lost a year,” he adds. The idea will be to create “a kind of temporary government” to receive and spend the funds. One of the main priorities will be to pay the salaries of the core civil servants so they can start working on delivering state services.

“They are all we have,” he says. “The key thing is to find ways to support the national government so it can become credible and relevant. What everyone is looking for is political stabilisation. If things continue as they are, we run the risk of this government being replaced by an extreme form of Islamism,” he warns.

Clearly, orthodox aid policy, which dictates that direct budget support should only be provided to governments who can demonstrate the ability to spend it efficiently, transparently and honestly, must give way to battlefield reality in this case.

 

*This article was first published on the Institute for Security Studies’ website at www.issafrica.org/iss-today.

* Peter Fabricius is Independent Newspapers’ foreign editor.

The Star